国产bbaaaaa片,成年美女黄网站色视频免费,成年黄大片,а天堂中文最新一区二区三区,成人精品视频一区二区三区尤物

首頁> 外文OA文獻 >The International Committee of the Red Cross and its mandate to protect and assist: law and practice
【2h】

The International Committee of the Red Cross and its mandate to protect and assist: law and practice

機譯：紅十字國際委員會及其保護和協(xié)助的任務：法律和慣例

代理獲取
本網(wǎng)站僅為用戶提供外文OA文獻查詢和代理獲取服務，本網(wǎng)站沒有原文。下單后我們將采用程序或人工為您竭誠獲取高質(zhì)量的原文，但由于OA文獻來源多樣且變更頻繁，仍可能出現(xiàn)獲取不到、文獻不完整或與標題不符等情況，如果獲取不到我們將提供退款服務。請知悉。
  • 摘要
  • 著錄項
  • 相似文獻
  • 相關主題

摘要

It is 150 years since the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), following Henry Dunant’s experiences during the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino. It is 100 years since the commencement of the Great War: if we think about a ‘traditional’ battlefield, what images come to mind? Perhaps one imagines soldiers in uniform, tanks, guns and trenches. Do the emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (IRCRCM) feature in the imagined conflict scenario? Now imagine the conflicts happening today in, for example, Syria, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Ukraine. In these conflicts, soldiers mingle with civilians in towns, armoured vehicles and open backed trucks transport non- uniformed soldiers between conflict areas and weapons include, amongst others, improvised explosive devices, suicide bombers and sexual violence. Nevertheless the emblems of the IRCRCM continue to emblazon the uniforms of medical personnel and their equipment, vehicles and aid boxes.ududWhat consequences do the changes in the nature of armed conflicts have for the ICRC? The human consequences of conflict and the presence of the ICRC has been a constant for 150 years, but the needs of the population and the types of violence continually change. Indeed, since the creation of the ICRC in 1863, the methods, means and actors in conflicts have changed, but so has the practice of the ICRC. This thesis considers the legality of such developments. The ICRC is, perhaps most significantly, the self-entitled, ‘guardian’ of international humanitarian law (IHL) and a neutral and independent entity.ududThis thesis considers the activities currently undertaken by the ICRC in the name of ‘humanitarianism’. It addresses whether a strict interpretation of the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV 1949, Additional Protocols I and II and Statutes of the ICRC would show that it is, as an organisation, usurping its mandate and principles. It also takes into account the ‘ICRC Study on Customary IHL’.ududThe thesis examines the issue of whether the ICRC is an organisation with International Legal Personality (ILP) and, if so, whether it has legitimately extended its role beyond that provided in the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV 1949, Additional Protocols I and II and the Statutes of the IRCRCM. More broadly therefore the thesis examines the relationship between the ICRC and international law, including IHL, jus ad bellum and international human rights law (IHRL). One unique contribution made by this thesis is to undertake a substantial analysis of the meaning and implementation of humanity, which is a principle of the IRCRCM.ududThe IRCRCM definition of the principle of humanity is:udThe International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect human life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all people. ududChapter five of the thesis shows that emerging concepts in the latter part of the twentieth century, in particular sovereignty as responsibility, human security and the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), are indicative of a development within the international community which identified the plight of individuals within sovereign States as relevant to the international community at large. In particular, the ‘humanity’ and humanitarian needs of people living within states, in particular during and after conflict, became part of international discourse. Humanitarian assistance is no longer restricted to the provision of aid to soldiers.ududThe idea of inhumanity in internal armed conflicts also gained traction on the international stage. It is evident from recent conflicts such as Libya, Syria and Ukraine that international willingness and ability to respond to such situations varies considerably. This thesis, therefore, considers whether the ICRC is able to reach people on the ground in a way that more politicised actors, such as the UN, are not. It considers whether there is a case to be made for a humanitarian approach to protection during, and after, armed conflict? Is the ICRC capable of reaching individuals and communities in a promising and effective way? Has the ICRC had to adapt its humanitarian assistance and protection roles to adequately respond to the changing nature of armed conflicts? These questions permeate the analysis of the mandate of the ICRC and its current work, which is undertaken throughout this thesis.ududCritically, this thesis dedicates a chapter to analyse what ‘humanity’ means today. In much literature humanity is considered in terms of IHL, which, it is argued, provides a limited definition of such. Likewise, much literature on the ICRC centre’s on its links to IHL. The ICRC often forms a subsection of a chapter on IHL or is viewed through the lens of IHL. This thesis goes further than traditional accounts of the ICRC, as it presents the ICRC as key actor in the long-term protection and assistance of individuals and communities suffering through and trying to recover from armed conflict. It addresses the question of how to interpret ‘humanity’ and whether, perhaps, there is a case to argue that it can and should be interpreted more broadly, given the influx of human focused concepts to emerge since the end of the Second World War. This thesis focuses on sovereignty as responsibility, human security and Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) as key examples of such, as they all relate to humanitarianism. Their specific links are considered in detail in chapter five.udTeitel published ‘Humanity’s Law’ in 2011 which reflects on issues similar to those contained in this thesis. However, much of Teitel’s analysis remains grounded in ‘black-letter’ law, whereas this thesis is taking a socio-legal approach and focuses on the law and practice of the ICRC. Humanity’s Law, as a concept, is very close to this Author’s interpretation and understanding of international law and the international legal order, and, as such, it is imperative to refer, throughout the thesis, to ideas put forward in ‘Humanity’s Law’. In terms of existing literature and academic argument on the matter of ‘humanity’, Teitel provides a comprehensive analysis of case law and theory. In addition much literature on the ICRC dedicates a passing comment to the Principles of the IRCRCM, which include ‘humanity’.ududSovereignty as responsibility, human security and RtoP are reflective of a shift away from a state-centric model of the international legal order. There is increasing awareness and political will in terms of the plight of vulnerable populations in need. The key for this thesis is whether the ICRC mandate and practice are reflective of the developing notions of humanity, that is, is the ICRC ‘buying in’ to security or interventionist interpretations of humanity? Or, which would be a much more daring conclusion to draw, is the ICRC actually ‘feeding’ the development of ‘humanity’ as a concept which is, in turn, permeating international legal discourse more broadly?ududThe traditional theory of human security, as proposed by the United Nations Development Programme in 1994, considered economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security to be of consequence to the people living in conflict and other insecure environments. These types of security were seldom prioritised in traditional security paradigms, which focused on national security. This thesis considers human security to be of continuing importance to people on the ground during and after armed conflict and other situations of violence. For people trying to rebuild their lives, family life, food, health and community security are as important, if not more important, than the maintenance of territorial borders. In this regard, it considers the work of the Economic Security (EcoSec) Unit, which assesses needs at household level in order to obtain first-hand local information.ududThis thesis required the undertaking of interviews with ICRC delegates at the headquarters in Geneva. The literature in this area is somewhat limited and that which is produced comes predominantly from the ICRC. It was necessary therefore to undertake empirical research to provide an original contribution to research in this field and to comprehensively address the research questions of this thesis. Finally, this thesis uses a case study of the ongoing conflict in the DRC to examine the activities of the ICRC and shows how, and to what extent, the changes within the ICRC practice are impacting people on the ground. The case study was also informed by the interviews.
機譯：亨利·杜南（Henry Dunant）在索費里諾戰(zhàn)役之后的經(jīng)歷，距紅十字國際委員會（ICRC）成立已有150年。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)過去了100年：如果我們想到一個“傳統(tǒng)”戰(zhàn)場，會想到什么圖像？也許有人想象著穿著制服，坦克，槍支和戰(zhàn)es的士兵。在想象中的沖突情況下，國際紅十字與紅新月運動（IRCRCM）的標志是否具有特征？現(xiàn)在想象一下今天發(fā)生在敘利亞，馬里，剛果民主共和國（DRC）和烏克蘭的沖突。在這些沖突中，士兵與城鎮(zhèn)平民，裝甲車輛和敞篷卡車混在一起，在沖突地區(qū)和武器之間運送身穿制服的士兵，武器包括簡易爆炸裝置，自殺炸彈和性暴力。盡管如此，IRCRCM的標志繼續(xù)印有醫(yī)務人員的制服及其設備，車輛和救援箱。 ud ud武裝沖突性質(zhì)的變化對紅十字國際委員會造成了什么后果？沖突和紅十字國際委員會的存在對人類造成的影響已經(jīng)持續(xù)了150年，但是人們的需求和暴力類型不斷變化。的確，自1863年紅十字國際委員會成立以來，沖突中的方法，手段和參與者已經(jīng)改變，但紅十字國際委員會的做法也發(fā)生了變化。本文考慮了這種發(fā)展的合法性。紅十字國際委員會也許是最重要的，自稱國際人道主義法（IHL）的“監(jiān)護人”，并且是中立和獨立的實體。 ud ud本文考慮了紅十字國際委員會目前以“人道主義主義”的名義開展的活動。 。它探討了對1949年日內(nèi)瓦第一，第二，第三和第四公約，第一和第二附加議定書以及《紅十字國際委員會規(guī)約》的嚴格解釋是否會表明它作為一個組織，正在篡奪其任務和原則。本文還研究了紅十字國際委員會是否是具有國際法人格的組織，如果是這樣的話，是否將其作用合法地擴展到該組織之外的問題。 1949年《日內(nèi)瓦第一，第二，第三和第四公約》，《第一和第二附加議定書》以及《國際CRCRM章程》。因此，本文從更廣泛的角度考察了紅十字國際委員會與國際法之間的關系，包括國際人道法，國際法和國際人權(quán)法（IHRL）。本論文做出的獨特貢獻是對人類的意義和實現(xiàn)進行了實質(zhì)性分析，這是IRCRCM的一項原則。 ud udIRCRCM對人類原則的定義是： ud國際紅十字與紅新月會運動源于向戰(zhàn)場上的傷員提供無歧視援助的愿望，它以國際和國家能力努力防止和減輕可能遭受的痛苦。其目的是保護人類生命和健康，并確保對人類的尊重。它促進了所有人之間的相互了解，友誼，合作和持久和平。 ud ud第五章表明，二十世紀下半葉出現(xiàn)的新概念，特別是主權(quán)作為責任，人類安全和保護責任（RtoP），表明了國際社會的發(fā)展。與整個國際社會有關的主權(quán)國家內(nèi)部的個人困境。特別是，生活在國家內(nèi)部的人們的“人道”和人道主義需求，特別是在沖突期間和沖突后，已成為國際討論的一部分。人道主義援助不再僅限于向士兵提供援助。 ud ud內(nèi)部武裝沖突中的非人道思想在國際舞臺上也受到關注。從利比亞，敘利亞和烏克蘭等最近的沖突中可以明顯看出，國際對這種局勢的反應的意愿和能力差異很大。因此，本論文考慮了紅十字國際委員會是否能夠以聯(lián)合國等其他更加政治化的行為者無法與當?shù)厝私佑|。它考慮在武裝沖突期間和之后是否有理由采取人道主義方法進行保護？紅十字國際委員會是否有能力以有希望和有效的方式接觸個人和社區(qū)？紅十字國際委員會是否必須調(diào)整其人道主義援助和保護作用，以充分應對武裝沖突不斷變化的性質(zhì)？這些問題貫穿于整個論文中對紅十字國際委員會任務授權(quán)及其當前工作的分析。 ud ud關鍵地，本論文專門用一章來分析“人道”在當今的含義。在許多文獻中，人類是根據(jù)國際人道法來考慮的，據(jù)認為，國際人道法對此提供了有限的定義。同樣地，許多關于紅十字國際委員會中心與國際人道法的聯(lián)系的文獻。紅十字國際委員會經(jīng)常構(gòu)成關于國際人道法的一章的小節(jié)，或者從國際人道法的角度來看。該論文比紅十字國際委員會的傳統(tǒng)說法更進取，因為它使紅十字國際委員會成為在遭受武裝沖突并試圖從武裝沖突中恢復的個人和社區(qū)的長期保護和援助的關鍵角色?？紤]到自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來涌現(xiàn)的以人為中心的概念涌入，它解決了如何解釋“人性”的問題，也許是否有理由爭論它可以而且應該被更廣泛地解釋。本論文著眼于主權(quán)作為責任，人類安全和保護責任（RtoP）等重要例子，因為它們都與人道主義有關。第五章詳細討論了它們的具體鏈接。 udTeitel于2011年發(fā)布了《人道法》，該書反映了與本文所涉及的問題類似的問題。但是，泰特爾的大部分分析仍以“黑字法”為基礎，而本論文采取的是社會法律方法，重點是紅十字國際委員會的法律和實踐。人道法作為一個概念非常接近作者對國際法和國際法律秩序的解釋和理解，因此，有必要在整篇論文中提及“人道法”中提出的思想。根據(jù)有關“人性”問題的現(xiàn)有文獻和學術論據(jù)，泰特爾提供了判例法和理論的全面分析。此外，許多有關紅十字國際委員會的文獻都對IRCRCM原則進行了評論，其中包括“人道”。 ud ud作為責任，人身安全和RtoP的主權(quán)反映了從以國家為中心的國際模式的轉(zhuǎn)變法律命令。關于需要幫助的脆弱人群的困境，人們的意識和政治意愿不斷提高。本論文的重點是，紅十字國際委員會的任務授權(quán)和實踐是否反映了人類發(fā)展的觀念，即紅十字國際委員會是“接受”安全性還是干預主義對人類的解釋？或者，這將是一個更大膽的結(jié)論，是紅十字國際委員會實際上是在“促進”“人道”的發(fā)展嗎？這一概念反過來又更廣泛地滲透到國際法律話語中？ ud ud傳統(tǒng)的人道理論根據(jù)聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署在1994年提出的安全，認為經(jīng)濟，糧食，健康，環(huán)境，人身，社區(qū)和政治安全對生活在沖突和其他不安全環(huán)境中的人們至關重要。在傳統(tǒng)的安全范例中，很少將這些類型的安全放在優(yōu)先位置，后者以國家安全為重點。本論文認為，在武裝沖突和其他暴力局勢期間和之后，人身安全對實地人民具有持續(xù)重要的意義。對于試圖重建生活的人們來說，家庭生活，食物，健康和社區(qū)安全與維持領土邊界同樣重要，甚至更為重要。在這方面，委員會考慮了經(jīng)濟安全（EcoSec）部門的工作，該部門評估家庭需求以獲取第一手的當?shù)匦畔ⅰ?ud ud日內(nèi)瓦。該領域的文獻有限，所產(chǎn)生的文獻主要來自紅十字國際委員會。因此，有必要進行實證研究，為該領域的研究做出原創(chuàng)性的貢獻，并全面解決本文的研究問題。最后，本文以對剛果民主共和國持續(xù)沖突的案例研究為例，研究了紅十字國際委員會的活動，并展示了紅十字國際委員會實踐中的變化如何以及在多大程度上影響了當?shù)厝?。訪談還提供了案例研究。

著錄項

  • 作者

    Shucksmith CL;

  • 作者單位
  • 年度 100
  • 總頁數(shù)
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文語種 en
  • 中圖分類

相似文獻

  • 外文文獻
  • 中文文獻
  • 專利
代理獲取

客服郵箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公網(wǎng)安備：11010802029741號 ICP備案號：京ICP備15016152號-6 六維聯(lián)合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司?版權(quán)所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服務號